Death In Venice Essay -- Thomas Mann Death Venice Metaphor Essays

Demise In Venice      To have a comprehension of the utilization of malady as a representation in Thomas Mann’s novella Death In Venice, it is helpful to comprehend the idea of infection itself. As per Webster’s Dictionary, 1913 release, infection is characterized as the â€Å"lack of simplicity; anxiety; inconvenience; vexation; disquiet.† These words do typify the battles of the extraordinary creator, and principle character of the novella, Gustav Aschenbach, yet it is the depiction of ailment as â€Å"an change in the condition of the body or of a portion of its organs, hindering or upsetting the presentation of the crucial capacities, and causing or undermining agony and shortcoming; disease; love; ailment; ailment; issue; - applied allegorically to the psyche, to the ethical character and propensities, to organizations, the state, etc† that is the establishment of the allegory utilized by Mann. The ailment spreading through Venice, is dared to be cholera, an d to what Aschenbach gives up to in Venice. Be that as it may, upon cautious assessment of the words composed so persuasively, one can find that the demise of Aschenbach was more than that of a craftsman beset with energy and desire for excellence than of any physical sickness.      Mann cautiously consolidates reasoning and brain science in Death in Venice, and these two general regions of astuteness are in struggle all through the novella. In particular, it is the way of thinking of workmanship, one’s journey for excellence, and the mental hypothesis of constraint got from Freud that current themselves as key worries in the analogy of sickness. Aschenbach, in his inquiry for magnificence, and in his quelled childhood as an outsider of sorts from his incredible progenitors lead to the inside clash he embodies. â€Å"His ancestors had been officials, judges, civil servants, men who had driven their trained, good, and economical lives in the administrations of lord and state. More profound savvy had exemplified itself among them on one event, in the individual of an evangelist; all the more quickly streaming and exotic blood had entered the family in the past age through the writer’s mother, girl of a Bohemian ensemble conductor. It was from her that he determined the indications of outside parentage in his appearance. The marriage of a calm authority good faith with darker, increasingly enthusiastic driving forces delivered a craftsman, this specific artist.† These words permit us to see into the character of Aschen... ...oward underhanded, the illegal and the ethically impossible?†      Disease of the spirit, and illness of the body are a lot of the equivalent. One is not any more upsetting than the other, and as Mann expounds on this subject in Death In Venice we see that when we find what is our obsession life stops. â€Å"†¦even on an individual premise, craftsmanship is an upgrade of life. It makes you all the more profoundly glad, it destroys you faster.† We are not, at this point answerable for our activities for we have discovered what our life has been lived for, and there is not, at this point any motivation to continue living when we realize that we can never have what our heart wants. Malady as an illustration could likewise be analyzed through the portrayal of Tadzio. Mann makes a few references about the strength of the kid himself. Is it that this masterful flawlessness of which he is the epitome is something that isn't common? This inquiry was not replied in this evaluation of Death in Venice, in spite of the fact that it is surely another territory for examination. List of sources 1. Mann, Thomas. Passing in Venice. Dover Thrift Editions. 1995. NY. 2. Webster’s Dictionary, 1913 release. http://machaut.uchicago.edu/cgi-container/WEBSTER.sh?WORD=Disease

Earth Population Essays - Demography, Human Overpopulation

Earth Population Our Earth has changed all the more drastically in the twentieth Century then in some other timespan past. During this time the strength of our planet has additionally been both hurt and improved in sensational manners. Two models are that in this century, we have delivered more air contamination then ever previously, however our temperament preservation endeavors are working. In view of that sort of rationale, it is generally simple for a researcher to tell if a specific change in our condition during the twentieth Century, was positive or negative for our planet. That is the place populace development comes in and breaks this thought. Is populace development fortunate or unfortunate for our reality? This is an inquiry which researchers around the globe have been debateing about for quite a long time. The reason for this exposition will address that question. It will likewise discuss the future development pace of our total populace, imagine a scenario in which any relationship can b e drawn from over populace and the GNP and education levels in a nation, what sorts of populace control quantifies the four biggest nations use, lastly decide whether there are any populace issues and discover answers for them. Notwithstanding broad populace control gauges, the nation with the biggest populace is China. Truth be told China contains just about one-fourth of the world's kin at around 1.2 billion. During the 1950's the populace developed at a pace of 2% every year. The pace of development eased back to 1.3% by 1990, to a limited extent because of populace control measures. China's populace control measures are based around a creul arrangement permitting guardians just a single youngster. This arrangement has prompted more significant levels of premature birth, sanitizations, and inficide than in some other nation on the planet. The sensational decreases in China's populace development rate have anyway occurred well before the one youngster approach became effective in 1979. This further confounds specialists who study populace and attempt to decide why populace rates flucuate. A portion of these specialists propose that beside the one kid strategy China's development rate may have diminished f rom 2.0 to 1.3 percent due to significant upgrades in baby death rates. Accordingly guardians had more certainty that their kids would live to development. Likewise, as China has moved to turn into a progressively industrialized nation families have decided to diminish family size. For instance in our nation 200 years prior families were huge in light of the fact that the more children a family had the more fruitful the ranch would be. Those are a couple of reasons the populace rate in China may be lower than in years past and keep on easing back down.

Outbox July 14, 2017

Inbox/Outbox July 14, 2017 As someone who is permanently behind in her to-read list, I’ve found that the only way of tackling it is by turning to the thinnest volumes first and working my way up. Therefore, my reading decisions have no other rhyme or reason than page numbers. Thankfully, summer is the season when I read the most and I’ve been knocking off books I’ve kept on the shelves for years. I’m trying to limit my book purchases as much as possible, but one always seems to sneak in. INBOX Not Since Carrie: Forty Years of Broadway Musical Flops by Ken Mandelbaum I’m in the process of writing a YA novel that combines my love for musicals with my hatred for Catholic school. This means I’ve been reading all sorts of fascinating facts about the genre. My next foray into becoming an amateur expert is this book on Broadway’s biggest failures. From what I understand, this is the rare gem that combines thoughtful criticism with hilarious outtakes. I’m always game for anything that combines my need for both gossip AND historical analysis. OUTBOX   Pinned by Sharon G. Flake This middle-grade/cusp-of-YA novel tells the story of Adonis and Autumn, two total opposites that only seem to share one thing in common: wrestling. Autumn is the star wrester and only girl in her school’s team, who is struggling with an invisible disability. Adonis is the straight-A, straight-laced student with a physical disability. Though I did have some issues with the novel itself, it does a fairly good job of describing environmental factors that prevent children from being their own best selves. March by John Lewis, Andrew Aydin, and Nate Powell I first began reading this trilogy before Trump’s inauguration and decided to reserve the last book for a time when I felt I needed to replenish my sense of hope. Uh, due to certain news event, the time is now. The graphic novel details Congressman Lewis’s life and the larger topic of the Civil Rights Movement. Beautifully crafted, clear in its chronology of events and explicit in the very real difficulties of the time period, it’s a reminder of how the power of the collective can bring about radical, positive change. IN THE QUEUE (WHAT I’M READING NEXT) Difficult Women by Roxane Gay Is there really any reason to explain why I’m so pumped to read this? I pretty much consider Roxane Gay to be the moral compass of the nation, not to mention that the title of this short story collection could be my middle name and that of my friends. From what I gathered in her book launch in Chicago, it contains a lot of narratives surrounding sisters, broken marriages and the occasional revenge plot. I am here for it. Scratch: Writers, Money and the Art of Making a Living edited by Manjula Martin This collection of essays and interviews from accomplished authors tackles that big industry taboo: money. How do you get it? Cause inquiring minds and wallets want to know.

Plot Of Death Of A Salesman Play - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 731 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Death Of A Salesman Essay Did you like this example? This story is based on the Death of a Salesman as the name suggests. Upon reading this I judged the story based on the title alone and I was correct. I did not know how or what lead to the death of the salesman or his or her name. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Plot Of Death Of A Salesman Play" essay for you Create order As I read the story, I made a surface conclusion it was a story about the pathetic and sad life of Willy Loman, who happens to be a salesman. Upon reading this further, I could get a clearer picture of what this story is about and was able to further analyze if it fits a tragic protagonist plot or not and find out who the story is all focused on. In this play, Willy Loman is a good example of a tragic protagonist by Aristotles definition. As we know, Aristotle defines Tragedy as the imitation of an action that is serious and also as having magnitude, complete in itself. He also states that Tragedy is a form of drama exciting the emotions of pity and fear. This fits the description of Willy by the author. He went from a man who was perfectly healthy mentally and having secured a job as a salesman to a jobless father, uncaring, depressed and having mental instability leading to suicide. This whole journey sparks pity and fear in my mind as a reader. We have been discussing characteristics that make a play and character a tragic protagonist hero. Based on what I have learned from the discussions, this play fits the typical tragic ending, because, by reading the story and fully understanding it. The tragedy was brought on by the protagonist of this play Willy Loman. As always, the play start off by depicting the protagonist in a good light and having all the good things like jobs, and a family but as we read further, he moved into a bad light of a jobless, cheating and uncaring man. In the end, all this ended up in death. He died all alone, with no loved ones beside him. This is pitiful and sad. It brings up the fears of not wanting to die alone like Willy. Death of a Salesman does not have a typical tragic ending. In this scenario, the way they treated him at his burial was not typical. One would think after having to sacrifice his life for his son Biff, so biff can have a more secure future, one would think this would change the image of Willy in biffs mind and made him into a more caring and loving father that sacrificed his life for his son but this was not the case. Instead, at Willys burial, he was alone, no one to pay homage to him, he died as a depressed, lonely, neglected, sad, pathetic man, whose son held a grudge against him. The protagonist of the story Death of a Salesman is Willy Loman because the play is focused on him, A salesman of the Wagner Company, who is always on the road, a low-class man who believes in a Success Dream of having to work hard and attain success but soon finds out that it takes more than hard work to be a successful salesman. The story focuses on Willy life, from his journey as a salesman to his death. Last, Willy Loman can be seen as a tragic hero. He cared about his family, financial stability and having a good name. He wanted his son to have a stable future, and the decisions he made for him and other decisions were a flaw that led to his downfall. So far, I enjoy reading this play and watching it. It illustrated how a perfect life can turn sour because of the decisions made. In my opinion, watching the play was more interesting, it kept my attention. Seeing the play live on a stage was fun and enjoyable, there was much emphasis on the dressing, characters, and settings. In the play, we can see that the setting fit a classic setting, from the dress to the way the actors and actresses portray each characters. I love the ways the writer Arthur Miller wrote this story, it sets a good foundation for a play or movie. Id recommend anyone to read the story before watching it to understand the plot and the protagonist. Link to the play is down below.

Sociological And Societal Issues That Influenced The...

The dynamics of late 17th century culture contributed to sociological and societal issues that influenced the sweeping accusations of the Salem Witch Trials. The â€Å"witch hunt† frenzy began in Salem Village in early 1692 all due to two young girls influence. Three main societal issues prevalent at this time could have led to the hysteria and rapid movement of the witch hunt idea. The chaotic beginnings in leadership of the church at Salem Village, the strict Puritan lifestyle and beliefs of villagers, and the entertainment value of witchcraft culture among the youth are all factors in the Village of Salem’s fear against witchcraft. In the 1630’s a European settlement called Salem Village was established after farmers from Salem Town decided to become a separate extension of Salem Town. By the 1660’s Salem Village farmers were requesting to have their own church parish due to the distance they had to go in order to get to church in Salem Town five miles away. This request put fear in the minds of the church council at Salem Town that division would come, because a separate church set up would result in citizens having a broader ambition of autonomy and independence. Although the church feared this separation, it was the eventual outcome, and separation from Salem Town occurred. By March of 1672 the villagers had gained more independence from Salem Town and were allowed to build a meeting house as well as hire a minister for the village. They were also able to gather taxes

Job Analysis Process Free Essays

All businesses have daily needs and challenges to everyday, which is why Human Resource managers and other managers’ turns to Job analysis to help them plan efficiently and effectively. Job analysis an important practice widely used in today’s business. A thoughtful and carefully constructed job analysis process gathers information about the duties, responsibilities, and essential skills required to ensure that the proper persons are placed in the appropriate positions with the right qualifications to fulfill and perform the required job demands. We will write a custom essay sample on Job Analysis Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thoughtful collaborative planning, led by the HR Manager and staff, lends flexibility to the dynamic and constantly changing needs of the organization and the people who labor within. The purpose, process and method of job analysis is the subject of further discussion here to help understand the critical nature creating a true value add within the HR function. The Purpose of Job Analysis Job Analysis and the information obtained is crucial to recruiting, selection and retention; training programs; performance evaluation and managing compensation; job design and redesign; and above all supporting management to meet the demands of efficiency and productivity. It is essential for the organization’s HR to understand what is needed, where and when to help fulfill the company’s goals and objectives, yet remain responsive to changing needs and circumstances. Job analysis certainly provides this highly beneficial insight in the following key areas: Recruitment and Selection: HR management uses Job Analysis to select the ‘best’ fit of applicants to positions. Job analysis assists HR in carefully identifying the most capable candidates possessing the most suitable education, advanced knowledge, and appropriate proper skills necessary to perform a job, or better, function. Training and Development: Job Analysis is also essential in determining the type, depth and quantity of training and development needed to integrate new-hires, enhance organizational and personal job  proficiencies and maintain current awareness and understanding of changing workplace initiatives. Continuing training and development goals are particularly well served to improve the employees’ knowledge and understanding of the required job duties. A good The Job Analsis system provides detailed tools to assist management in deciding which systems, tools and materials are needed to help accomplish training and development goals. Evaluation of Employees Performance: Measuring employee performance and productivity is essential to aid management in meeting company goals as well as hiring and retaining quality staff at all levels of the organization. Thorough, thoughtful and monitored Job Analysis process can be used to flexibly and objectively measure metrics and objective s to make sure that goals are being met, productivity maintained ensuring continuing company success. Compensation and Benefits: Objective Job Analysis allows ‘fair’ standards to be set for salaries, wages and benefits paid. The process underscores the value of employee experience, skills and growth with particular job requirements. With a good process in place HR can capably assist management in setting career paths, employee development, incentives, promotions, raises and so forth. The Process of Job Analysis The Job Analysis process will help companies intelligently align tasks and functions with ‘most’ qualified applicants, hire and retain them, all the while promoting efficiency and flexibility to meet the demands of a competitive marketplace. Staffing plans are best managed and derived in large part by determining and knowing how many employees are required for particular positions, match qualifications with pay, while setting performance measures. Establishing a dynamic Job Analysis process requires several important parts to be effective in meeting company needs, including but not limited to the following: Understanding Embracing Job Analysis: Understanding embracing Job analysis, even in small companies will help a firm identify and recognize the different methods of job analysis and data necessary to establish a solid effective system best suited to the company environment. Input Analysis: An important first step is to determine who will be primarily responsible for job analysis. While usually managed by the human resource department, company managers, consultants, and even customers will have vital input and contributions. Choosing the appropriate process pays dividends later and is a vital way to self-inform management and HR as to priorities, benchmarks and the labor market. Establishing objective criteria early on in examining particular jobs, skills, an company needs establishes a good basis for managing the system and adopting methods best suited to do so. Planning Decision Making: Any business process or system is only as good as the information gathered and provided and every level of the organization could be rendered ineffective by too much, too little or irrelevant information with which to make important HR decisions. Obtaining meaningful employee feedback has long proven to be helpful but often overlooked. How much information gathered from inside and outside the organization is key consideration along with how information and data are recorded, presented and weighted. HR management and company management must pay attention to letting Job Analysis get to embedded in old information or become irrelevant to management decision-making processes. A Job Analyst: Even in small companies where employees wear various hats, it is critical to have a properly trained Jobs Analyst. The Analyst should have a thorough up to date knowledge of various analytical methods, research skills, be organized and a good communicator. Innovative experience, if affordable or desirable, would be a big help. Cost effective consulting could be a ready complement or substitute. Even if this function is ‘as needed’ or part time, the Analyst’s role will enable the function to remain useful and dynamic. Job Analysis Process Overview: Project and process information is routinely communicated within the organization in many ways. Identifying the communication channels, throughputs and outputs is much more productive than asking people what they do all day long and there are many psychologically barriers of all employees regardless of rank to answer interview questions and questionnaires honestly. While there is a place for such investigative tools, there is no substitute for observing, discussing and analyzing the skills necessary for a specific position matched against realistic management expectations and using modern methods to match with company requirements. Collecting the Data: Job information and functional data, such as available applicant qualifications, skills and abilities, job activities, duties and responsibilities, are collated so that all such needed and important is readily available in an understandable format to all recipients. The HR manager and management should be constantly searching for enhancements to recruit talent at all levels of the organization, even if not immediately required. Planning flexibly and with foresight can pay huge dividends later. Review, Validation, Monitoring: Similar to hiring, a diligent effort must be made to ensure that data and details collected for analysis are up to date, relevant and realistic and in presentable format. Review of all positions should be made objectively and at all levels of the organization. Feedback from a variety of sources is helpful. Deriving and Implementing Job Descriptions Specifications: Generally job descriptions are referred to as tasks, duties and abilities (TDA). At this stage, no one, supervisors, managers, or job seekers should have any significant questions about the position. About the company and benefits, yes, about the ‘job’ – not with a fully functioning, flexible and objective Jobs Analysis. Recruiting and retention are vastly facilitated by selecting proper candidates for positions by matching properly described knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics, known as KSAO. The HR manager, and department, having followed the correct steps for their company can now use Job Analysis processes to assist company management in performance measuring, turnover (and reasons for), earnings/costs, productivity, incentive programs, and most important as a ‘budgeting tool’ for human resource allocation. Care, however, must be taken not to let the process run itself. Continuous monitoring and review is required by all levels of management with HR taking the lead. By utilizing Job analysis, a company can standardize and build a dynamic, thoughtful and above all a flexible Job Analysis process, usually with nominal investment, and by engaging in the process significantly aid in the achievement of company goals. Establishing a thoughtful process at any time will save time and money, matching the changing needs of the organization with quality and qualified personnel. The HR function can take positive proactive steps to identify quality employees with desired skills and education that match the skills needed by the firm while allowing for a variety of other value-added features to meet future demands of the firm, all starting with a Job Analysis process. How to cite Job Analysis Process, Essays

Essay Economics for Business

Question: What is economic growth? CompaReferencesre Australia with any other advanced economy or developing country and discuss their economic growth during last 5 years and its effects on the society. (both positive and negative). Answer: Introduction What is economic growth? Economic growth is the continuous change in aggregate output over time. Economic development is the persistent increase the welfare of a population. Without economic growth there is no economic development and vice versa. Economic development can generally be defined as sustainable growth from three perspectives: economic, social and environmental. Such qualified growth has several implications: The growth means increased production recorded a country over time. Development studies the growth of an economic system over a long period of time, incorporating the changes in this horizon occurs: the productive structure, technology, institutions, social relations and policies that affect the economy becomes the guidelines product distribution. Therefore, long-term growth involves the development, since transformations occur in the system. In a long period of time no growth without development. The development is also applied as a concept of economic policy fraught with social and moral co ntent. It is aimed at the development of a country, a society, a collective. The development goal, which usually means an improvement in social welfare. Thus, economic growth is only development in terms of greater well-being, if equitable, if modernizer and at the same time driver of social progress if it is sustainable, if it finally means human development, understood as a step towards the full realization of everybody (Aghion and Durlauf, 2005). This concept of development is generally proposed by governments, multilateral development agencies, non-governmental organizations that pose objectives of social progress, political parties and so on. When we distinguish development as a real process of change of a capitalist economic system-specifically, that does not necessarily lead to greater equity and social welfare and development as a social and political objective that must meet certain standards. In the first case, the long-term growth necessarily imply development; in the se cond case, growth is not equal to development, to be development must meet certain pre-defined requirements and standards that are usually sustainability and equity and social welfare. Comparison between the economic growth of Australia and China A first (and limited) quantitative approach to the concept of economic development in both Australia and China takes into account certain magnitudes that express the intensity of macroeconomic flows. The development involves the expansion and intensification of actual product flows, income and expenditure per inhabitant (thus has a reference to the population, target last of functioning of the economic system (Aghion and Durlauf, 2005). Is usually measured through variables such as per capita GDP, per capita income or expenditure per capita, expressed in purchasing power parities (to eliminate the effect of heterogeneous price levels in different countries). in 2013 due to the combined effects of slower growth in China, the falling prices of mineral raw materials and volatility of markets. In addition, the country surveys conducted in June and July 2013 indicate that the terms of trade, profit expectations and business confidence are below the average. After an increase of 3.6% in 2012, it is expected that economic growth will slow to stand at 2.4% this year. Economic Growth in Australia Predicting growth of 2.7% in 2014 is more uncertain when meeting the Australian economy in transition, with a reduction of investment in mining and questions about the ability of the non-mining sector to assume the role of engine of growth. (Cavalli, 2002) Private consumption growth was reasonably good in 2012, at 3.2%, and rose in early 2013 to increase sales due to a fall in retail prices. However, consumer retail spending has fallen since, and this year is expected to grow only 0.9%. Unemployment was low at slightly more than 5% in 2012, but since the beginning of 2013 a trend seen upward, reducing employment. Unemployment rose to 5.7% in June and July and is expected to stand at around 5.6% for the whole year. In general, given market conditions persistently poor working and modest growth of household wealth, it is likely that private consumption growth remains below trend, reaching this year at 1.9%, with possibilities to improve in 2014 reaching 2.7%. Last year, inflation in Au stralia was relatively low at 1.8% however increases in inflation is expected in 2013 [2.2%] and 2014 [2.7%]. Investment in the mining sector 2012 was clear evidence that is no investment has peaked be seen in the sector. There are still several projects underway liquefied natural gas to maintain a high level in the mining construction to completion in early 2017. However, new projects continue to shrink in an environment of volatility and falling prices of raw materials. In addition, provisional economic data for the first quarter of 2013 indicate a weakness of investments in the non-mining sector suggest a slight increase in the next 12 months. Under these conditions, predictions of growth in real fixed investment only point to 0.9% in 2013. In 2014, it is expected to increase the rate of investment growth to 5.7%, but there are risks in Here, especially in the absence of new mega-projects on the horizon (Cavalli, 2002). Increasing prices of mineral exports in the case of iron ore and coal between 2009 and the third quarter of 2011 due to rise of AUD to USD . However, during the first quarter 2013, despite the fall in mineral prices since late 2011, AUD remained obstinate and historically high for various reasons, including an increase in portfolio investments [to be considered in Australia a safe haven], the relative strength of the Australian economy and the gap between interest rates in the country and abroad. The relatively high level of AUD affected the tourism sector in Australia and export demand their manufacturing and educational services. In addition, the manufacturing sector struggled to compete against imports, particularly in the case of steel and automobile production. Lower growth expectations in China; the fall in mineral prices; and a confidence drop in the prospects for the Australian economy. In general, it is considered that the depreciation of the AUD is a positive factor, as it should give a respite to the export sectors and help rebala nce the growth of the economy. It is expected to continue being operated a moderate depreciation of the AUD relative to USD during the remainder of 2013 and throughout 2014, with a further devaluation of 10% in late 2014 to be around $ 0.83. The planned depreciation partly reflects the prediction of a strong economy to continue recovering US USD. To this must be added the specific effect on the AUD of the slowdown in the Chinese economy and falling export prices of minerals. Economic development can generally be defined as sustainable growth from three perspectives: economic, social and environmental. Such qualified growth has several implications: The growth means increased production recorded a country over time. Economic Growth in China But how really worrying is the second largest economy after the United States, it has grown "just" 6.9% this year?Make no mistake. Everyone, even his detractors have to admit that economic growth in China over the past three decades is a miracle. The Asian giant accounts for 18% of world GDP [3] and its large population (1.344 billion people contributes 22% of the total world population. China is characterized by having carried out a model totally different from the usual in countries that are now considered developed economic development. While it has achieved so far considerable economic growth, still it presents realities of an underdeveloped country; for example, per capita GDP (Gross Domestic / Total Population Product) in 2011 was $ 5,445, well below countries considered economic powers. Also have wider social inequalities among the population of the cities and countryside. China bases its economic model on the binomial "cheap investment-exports", which demand high savings rate s. The savings is largely in the hands of state enterprises. 60% of the country's productive sectors in the state sector; but these companies do not depend on the central government but of local or provincial governments. There are two peculiarities in Chinese state-owned enterprises This type of intervention, especially printing Yuan currency undervalued to maintain exerts inflationary pressures on the economy of China. But to control their exchange rates without causing any macroeconomic havoc, the Chinese central bank also needs to limit capital flows. But these restrictions on the free movement of capital, which serve to sustain the current model of "export-investment-savings", also generate additional economic distortions [10]: Interest rates on deposits are often negative. In periods where the level of inflation is higher than the remuneration of the deposit, Chinese savers lose purchasing power.The second option savings for the average Chinese, apart from bank deposits, are investments in housing and stock market, which carry the risk of real estate bubbles are created. Many analysts suggest that "China is very close to its potential growth." While in the last 20 years has presented an average growth rate of 10%, it can be seen that their rates are decreasing (in 2011 showed a growth of 9.2% and according to the International Monetary Fund will present growth of 7, 8% and 8.2% in 2012 and 2013, respectively.) While its inflation rate continues to rise, which could infer that Chinese production supply would be seeing surpassed by its own demand. It is important to remember that any policy applied to both supply and aggregate demand, not lead to adjustments in the same period. Demand always evolves in the short term, while supply can be modified within long periods of time (half-short term). China has been actively acting on aggregate demand; He applied fiscal and monetary. Impacts of economic growth In recent decades, economic growth in china and Australia has been locked in a set of constraints, structural conditions and governmental conceptions that left a marked trail of imperfections and instabilities in the economies, these led to a crisis in the early eighties national, international relations and political views, which gave rise to governments began to rethink the role versus their economies, and to formulate new policies that will engage the new world order in order to ensure and consolidate their production structures (Friedman, 2005). But these policies were not implemented only to try to respond to economic problems especially in china, also respond to the need to try to solve other scourges that afflict as social inequality, poverty and polarization of income, obstacles that cause damage that go beyond the economic aspect, which affect the quality of community life, stability of institutions and the legitimacy of democracy. You could say that an economic problem may occur with other non-economic effects of great magnitude. As these conditions have altered the economic and social dynamics of the region may wonder if insufficient economic and social progress of these countries contrasts with the magnitude of the changes that have taken their economic policies and whether those policies have slowed social inequalities , poverty and income polarization. economic growth, income distribution and poverty in historical ailments These distortions and rigidities are mainly: the sectored and territorial dualism that characterizes much of regional economies; unemployment, but especially underemployment of broad sectors of the economically active population in china; the high polarization of income which contributes to segment production structures and prevent economies of scale appropriate for many companies; insufficient consolidation of effective public administrations and depositaries of wide margins of social standing; the use of technologies "offline" regarding national levels relative prices; periodic fragility of overly dependent on external accounts of exports of goods with low income elasticity in international demand and domestic savings chronic deficiency of returning to the region dependent excess flow of foreign capital. Because of these problems in these countries show a delay compared to other economies because having constitutive deficiencies so broad, they paid very high costs in structural terms, technological stagnation and weakness of the dynamic connections between social, productive and political agents . Economic growth and income distribution High concentration of income in australia is associated with their stage of development and the characteristics of their resource endowment. Degree of development versus economic efficiency of a country is presented as the addition of several elements among enterprises, public institutions, educational structures, political institutions, scientific research centers and mu ltiple interactions that occur between them Poverty, inequality and its determinants At present, various organizations have coincided in pointing out that the growth of poverty and in China has increased, all this right in a period of dominance of economic strategies linked to the neoliberal model as has also been given in the region an unprecedented growth in foreign investment (over 46%) Meanwhile, throughout the continent still maintaining wage restraint policies. And when it begins to move that background, the spokesmen of transnational corporations and their officers governments are quick to threaten to capital flight. Poverty, large in cities is even greater in the fields. A poverty that unequal distributions of mass production inputs rise, unemployment and low incomes are mixed. (Jorgenson, 1998) The process of trade liberalization took place after a decade of declining social spending. The bias in labor demand towards more skilled work, therefore, an inelastic supply of s uch workers, there was also during the process of liberalization, clear efforts to engage the demand and supply of qualified employees. Macroeconomic policy that accompanied the reform process, especially the trend to revaluation of exchange rates and open capital account, generated growth patterns in which exports showed less dynamic than imports, and sectors producing tradable goods less dynamic than those of goods and non-tradable services, generating bias in the demand for labor as reflected in the relative behavior of wages, plus fluctuations in capital flows have maintained a high volatility of growth rates, making it difficult to generate more stable work positions . reforms Because of these problems in these countries show a delay compared to other economies because having constitutive deficiencies so broad, they paid very high costs in structural terms, technological stagnation and weakness of the dynamic connections between social, productive and political agents . Trade reforms are well advanced, further progress in the financial sector have advanced much faster liberalization measures can be achieved through greater leveling and tariff harmonization, that efforts to improve systems of regulation and supervision, in the tax field , are large gaps in administration and collections, especially income tax, and broadening the base of value added tax. Privatization has gone very uneven pace across countries and others, so that there are variables spaces in all fields, from the sale of companies in the industrial and financial sectors in some countries until the establishment of systems and institutions stable participation the private sector in various forms of infrastructure, finally, the greatest potential is in the area of labor law, where recent reforms have been rare, despite the enormous rigidities that hamper job creation in the region. But keep in mind that some of the structural reforms and policies implemented by governments over the last decade, have had positive effects (which are not evidence of the effectiveness thereof), in social and some economic aspects because without such reforms, the per-capita income would be 12% lower, the potential for growth into the future GDP would be 1.9% lower than the current average, the joint productivity of labor and capital have continued falling as it occurred from the seventies, and investment rates have stagnated at levels below 17% of GDP. These have also accelerated economic growth, but reduced the pace of job creation, due to the obstacles of investment that had been sent down the capital-labor ratio during the eighties, although this is not an inevitable result of the reforms and it would be incorrect to conclude that was the wrong strategy. Indeed, while significantly liberalized have goods markets, foreign exchange and financial flexibility of the labor market has been minimal. deeper reforms, leading to higher rates of economic growth may again raise the rate of emp loyment generation, especially if the delay is corrected in the labor market reforms Actually you cannot ensure that structural reforms and economic policies are the main cause of the current levels of social inequality in China especially, this inequality has very deep roots that are associated especially to the great disparity in the distribution of capital and wealth, also the experience of the eighties can be considered a clear demonstration of partners both macroeconomic imbalances and the initial impact of the adjustment processes aimed at correcting social costs. Conclusions However, and despite having positive effects on growth, economic liberalization and globalization have increased the challenge of equity and income polarization, therefore it is necessary to implement different forms of growth that allow better distribution of benefits given that the misdistribution of income is not necessarily an aggregate of organizational model of productive activity, but a circumstance. Finally, development is sustainable growth from the point of view of natural resources and the environment, according to the present and future availability of the same. Therefore, it is growth that does not seriously deteriorate the natural environment, taking into account that natural resources are scarce, they have zero cost( Roy and Chatterjee, 2007). Therefore, the development demands the performance of public institutions that join the system of prices and incentives environmental costs and the principle that "the polluter pays", preventing environmental degradation which sp ontaneously generates the functioning of markets and the policies themselves sector (agriculture, fisheries, energy, industry, transport, cities, etc.). But these policies were not implemented only to try to respond to economic problems especially in china, also respond to the need to try to solve other scourges that afflict as social inequality, poverty and polarization of income, obstacles that cause damage that go beyond the economic aspect, which affect the quality of community life, stability of institutions and the legitimacy of democracy. Thus, economic growth is only development in terms of greater well-being, if equitable, if modernized and at the same time driver of social progress if it is sustainable, if it finally means human development, understood as a step towards the full realization of everybody. This concept of development is generally proposed by governments, multilateral development agencies, non-governmental organizations that pose objectives of social progress, political parties and so on. Macroeconomic policy that accompanied the reform process, especially the trend to revaluation of exchange rates and open ca pital account. References Aghion, P. and Durlauf, S. (2005). Handbook of economic growth. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Andersen, L. (2002). The dynamics of deforestation and economic growth in the Brazilian Amazon. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. Arora, V. and Cardarelli, R. (n.d.). Rebalancing growth in Asia. Cavalli, D. (2002). China. New York: H.W. Wilson. Decoupling the environmental impacts of transport from economic growth. (2006). Paris: OECD. Fostering research on the economic and social impacts of information technology. (1998). Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Friedman, B. (2005). The moral consequences of economic growth. New York: Knopf. Goldie, J., Douglas, R. and Furnass, B. (2005). In search of sustainability. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Pub. Growth in Australian social expenditures. (1986). [Parkes, A.C.T.]: Economic Planning Advisory Council. Harris, J. (2001). A Survey of sustainable development. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Jorgenson, D. (1998). Growth. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Nelson, A., Sanchez, T. and Dawkins, C. (2007). The social impacts of urban containment. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Paul, E. (2012). Neoliberal Australia and US imperialism in East Asia. [Basingstoke]: Palgrave Macmillan. Portney, K. (2003). Taking sustainable cities seriously. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Roy, K. and Chatterjee, S. (2007). Growth, development and poverty alleviation in the Asia-Pacific. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Traffic growth in Australia. (2012). Canberra, A.C.T.: Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. Weil, D. (2005). Economic growth. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Wu, Y. (2013). Regional development and economic growth in China. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific. Yao, Y. and Yueh, L. (2006). Globalisation and economic growth in China. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.

A HISTORIOGRAPHY OF essays

A HISTORIOGRAPHY OF essays The tales of the Arthurian legend are some of the most popular from medieval times, and the reason for this is primarily due to their fabulous nature. In them are the exploits of heroes and the machinations of villains, the workings of sorcerers and the existence of magical objects. They embody the noble themes of chivalry and sacrifice, as well as those of revenge and evil. Action, violence, and sex are all included, and as shall be seen, there are many religious connotations as well. There are probably few people who are not familiar with the Quest for the Holy Grail, even if it is from exposure to the movie by Monty Python. The tales as most people know them, however, are the end result of centuries of change, both by the wandering minstrels and the serious authors of the medieval period. There exist numerous versions of each tale, and these versions are often contradictory. Roger Sherman Loomis was a noted medieval scholar, and a large part of the body of his work is an attempt to trace these tales to their origin. In going back to the roots of these tales, it is possible to see how and where variations took place. In Arthurian research, there are two main schools of thought. The first asserts that these tales have as their basis actual figures who lived in the towns and castles described in the tales and took part in the actions described, though obviously with some embellishment. The second school posits that these tales represent the evolution of even more ancient legends, the towns and castles (which are often factual) being inserted into the tales to lend them credibility. Loomis is a member of the latter. This historiography examines several of the works of Roger Sherman Loomis, which span the years from 1926 to 1964. In doing so, the nature of the origination of these tales will become evident, at least according to Loomis. First, however, some biographical information is in order. It may strike the read...

Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman and The Crucible essays

Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman and The Crucible essays Arthur Miller, winner of many literary and dramatic awards, is an incredibly influential force in American drama. His plays deal with issues common to every society. He makes the audience face fault, weakness, and ignorance; subjects we would typical hide from. At the same time he emphasizes strength, human spirit, and familial love. Alice Griffin believes that Miller's plays are important internationally (xii). He belongs to an international theater rather than a regional theater (Heilman 170). His plays are staged and studied by students to understand American life in Russia, P and, Iceland, Brazil, Italy, France, Germany, Czech Republic, and China to name a few (Griffin xi). Miller's works thrived in England. The University of East Angelia named it's center the Arthur Miller Centre (Griffin 1). They can relate to the sense f identity, honor, recognition, and familial love (Griffin Preface). In a production in Beijing, Miller explained to a Chinese actor playing Biff the son's feelings of guilt and "painfully requited" love for his father, the actor understood as it is v y Chinese (Morath 79). The phenomenon of Death of a Salesman has been the same all over the world. Audiences all have a sense of their life story of their father, uncle, or brother (Griffin 35). In real life Miller had an Uncle Manny who had two sons ho were in competition with Miller and his brother. Manny ended his own life because he failed at business. Miller's personal history is demonstrated in his sensitive and passionate writing in Death of a Salesman (Griffin 41). The Crucible (1952) was originally intended to be called Those Familiar Spirits, referring to a spirit that a witch presumably sends out to torment her victims. However, the well area at the bottom of a blast furnace is known as the crucible, it is whe the molten steels collects being entirely broken down due to immense heat. Miller thought that this was a p...

Eugenics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Intersections Of Gender Maps For Lost Lovers English Literature Essay

Intersections Of Gender Maps For Lost Lovers English Literature Essay This article proposes a reading of Nadeem Aslams Maps for Lost Lovers as a novel of multiple critiques on the situation of Muslim immigrants in Great Britain. Using the solution of the case of the eponymous lost lovers as the starting point for the narration the novel relates how the Pakistani immigrant community deals with the loss of the couple and the challenges the honour killing poses to their religious beliefs. In the narration the two main characters, Kaukab and Shamas, represent two conflicting perspectives on life in the diasporic community and the coping with the tragedy. By focusing on the setting and the created atmosphere in the novel and connecting it to the intersections of gender and religious identities this article aims to point out the ways in which Aslams novel gives the reader insights into the Pakistani immigrant community of the novel and how it, by subversively reconfiguring the patriarchal society, exerts manifold criticism on the Muslim immigrant community a s much as on the failing multicultural British society. Das Ziel dieses Artikel ist es, verschiedene Interpretationsansà ¤tze des Romans Maps for Lost Lovers vorzustellen, die auf der Kritik an der Situation muslimischer Einwanderer in Großbritannien basieren, die Nadeem Aslam eindrucksvoll in seine Erzà ¤hlung einfliessen là ¤sst. Der Roman, der die Auflà ¶sung des Ehrenmordes an den namensgebenden à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Lost Lovers zum Ausgangspunkt der Erzà ¤hlung wà ¤hlt, erlaubt durch seine Erzà ¤hlstrategien durchaus unterschiedliche Lesarten. Durch die Fokussierung der Erzà ¤hlung auf hauptsà ¤chlich zwei Protagonisten, Kaukab und Shamas, die grundverschiedene Einstellungen zu dem Leben in der diasporischen Gemeinschaft widerspiegeln und ihre persà ¶nlichen Ansichten wiedergeben, erlaubt Aslam dem Leser die Ereignisse in der patriarchalen Gemeinschaft durch ihre Perspektiven wahrzunehmen und zu interpretieren. Die dabei aufeinanderprallenden Wertesysteme geben Einblicke in die verschiedenen teils radikalen Positionen innerha lb der Gemeinschaft, die letztendlich zu der am Anfang stehenden Katastrophe fà ¼hren. Durch eine verbindende Analyse des Handlungsorts und der vorherrschende Atmosphà ¤re des Romans mit der Intersektion von Geschlechts- und Glaubensidentità ¤ten zeigt dieser Artikel die vielfà ¤ltigen Mà ¶glichkeiten zur Interpretation und vollzieht die verschiedenen Kritiken die der Roman an der die Integration verweigernden pakistanischen Gemeinschaft und der versagenden multikulturellen britischen Gesellschaft à ¼bt. Introduction In conjunction with almost daily news-coverage on terrorist attacks by fundamental Islamist groups in the Middle East a growing suspicion against Muslim communities in Europe can be noticed. In the wake of 9/11 and 7/7 the strong foundations of European multiculturalism seem to have been unsettled. Even in Great Britain, which has a long history of immigration from the South Asian subcontinent, racism against Muslim communities is worsening, as has recently been found in the report by the European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance on the United Kingdom.  [1]  Stereotypes and prejudices against so-called parallel societies, as some closed immigrant communities have come to be designated, are repeatedly underscored, for example by public discussions about the right of Muslim women to wear the traditional burka or a veil.  [2]  In such a precarious socio-historical context a novel like Nadeem Aslams Maps for Lost Lovers  [3]  seems to be adding fuel to the fire. Maps for Lost Lovers, Aslams second novel and winner of the Pakistan Academy of Letters Patras Bokhari award of the Government of Pakistan, centres on a South Asian immigrant community in an unnamed British town. The narration sets in after the disappearance of the lovers Chanda and Jugnu and the ensuing arrest of Chandas brothers for the alleged murder of the couple. In the year that follows the honour killings of the lovers, who lived in sin according to Islamic law because Chandas husband could not persuaded to divorce her even though he had left her years ago, Maps for Lost Lovers dramatises how the Pakistani inhabitants of the tightly-knit community try to cope with the anguish the disappearance of the lovers and the uncertainty concerning their fate brings over them. Wavering between the unlikely hope that the couple just fled the community to enjoy a peaceful life and the almost certain knowledge of their deaths although their bodies were not found, the characters of the novel also have to deal with the challenges to their religious beliefs posed by the murders and the question how to abide to Islamic laws in exile. Although the narration portrays some of the worst aspects of life in Pakistani communities honour killings, religious obscurantism, gender inequities to name only a few it is however also a book of great humanity and compassion  [4]  . These few aspects of the Pakistani community depicted in Maps for Lost Lovers, which Kamila Shamsie pointed out in an interview with the author, will be the starting point of the following analysis. This paper sets out to examine the immigrant community, which is based on the obedience of the Islamic law, and illustrate how an atmosphere of claustrophobia is narratively created in the patriarchal society. In a second step I will point out intersections of gender and religious identity and gender inequities that are reinforced by the Islamic belief of the communities. Further, I will try to show how the characters, on the one hand, fall victim to the gender roles their belief assigns them, but, on the other hand, also use and subvert these roles to shape the community in traditional and religious ways that reinforces the patriarchal structures of the community and promotes religious obscurantism. By focussing on the atmosphere of the patriarchal society as well as the gender roles presented in the novel I aim to show the diverse levels of criticism Aslam offers for interpretation in Maps for Lost Lovers. It is my main argument that the novel offers at least three ways for reading: first, it can be read as backing up suspicious looks at Muslims in British streets and confirm the stereotypes presented by the media. Second, it can be read as inherent criticism of colonisation in that certain structures of the British Empire are being invoked, reproduced and proven to be leading to catastrophe. And last, the novel can be read as a criticism on immigrant communities in Britain and their desperate wish to avoid integration. An interweaving of these possible readings of the novel will show the potential of the novel to help fix the foundations of European multicultural societies. Dasht-e-Tanhaii, or The Desert of Loneliness The eponymous lost lovers of the novels title are Chanda and Jugnu, who disappear before the narration sets in and whose fate remains unsolved for most part of the story. In the absence of the couple the rest of the community and their reactions function as a foil for the lovers decision to forsake the laws of Islam in order to be together and their readiness to bear the consequences of their choice. In the wake of their disappearance the rest of the community is torn between mourning the loss of members of their community and a sense of righteousness that the lovers have been punished for their indecent behaviour. Especially Jugnus older brother Shamas and his wife Kaukab, who live next door to the house of Sin (MLL 59), move into the centre of the omniscient narrators attention. Through a varying focalization on the two main characters, Shamas and Kaukab, and a further complementation through isolated points of view of other, minor characters such as Shamas and Kaukabs children and Suraya, the woman Shamas has an affair with, a multifaceted narration of the year following the arrest of Chandas brothers for murdering the lovers is presented. The created open perspective structure of the novel, the various individual perspectives within the text and their relation to each other, gives insights into the norms and value systems of the characters and the perspective of the omniscient narrator and thus allows inspection into the workings of the represented society.  [5]   The unspecified English town in which the drama around the lost lover unfolds is renamed Dasht-e-Tanhaii by the diasporic South Asian community. The inhabitants of the town have come to England from all over the South Asian subcontinent, representing the manifold nationalities that had come under the rule of the British Empire. Translating as The Wilderness of Solitude or The Desert of Loneliness (cf. MLL 29), Dasht-e-Tanhaii is a telling-name for the neighbourhood. Although the characters share a similar cultural background and the experience of exile, their religious differences and the fear to have to interact with white people paralyses them. Representatively for the community Kaukab relates that she had made friends with some women in the area but she barely know what lay beyond the neighbourhood and didnt know how to deal with strangers: full of apprehension concerning the white race and uncomfortable with people of another Subcontinental religion or grouping. (MLL 32) The inability to interact with people of a different skin colour or different religious beliefs renders it impossible for the people of Dasht-e-Tanhaii not to be lonely. The neighbourhood is further described as very quite, as it hoards its secrets, unwilling to let on the pain in its breast. Shame, guilt, honour and fear are like padlocks hanging from mouths. No one makes a sound in case it draws attention. No one speaks. No one breathes. (MLL 45) The claustrophobic atmosphere created in the novel forces the characters to spend their lives in solitude, always afraid their neighbours might learn about their secrets. Another interesting aspect of the setting of the novel that further contributes to the claustrophobic atmosphere is the concealment of the name and location of the English town in contrast to the renaming through the immigrants. The appropriation of the metropolitan neighbourhood through the diasporic South Asian community and a setting of strict limits to isolate it from the rest of the town  [6]  , reverses the imperialist colonization of the immigrants home countries. The renaming of streets and landmarks within the neighbourhood further supports this argument and highlights the reverse appropriation of social space. As in Lahore, a road in this town is named after Goethe. There is a Park Street here as in Calcutta, a Malabar Hill as in Bombay, and a Naag Tolla Hill as in Dhaka. Because it was difficult to pronounce the English names, the men who arrived in this town in the 1950s had re-christened everything they saw before them. They had come from across the Subcontinent, lived together ten to a room, and the name that one of them happened to give to a street or landmark was taken up by the others, regardless of where they themselves were from. But over the decades, as more and more people came, the various nationalities of the Subcontinent have changed the names according to the specific country they themselves are from Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan. Only one name has been accepted by every group, remaining unchanged. Its the name of the town itself. Dasht-e-Tanhaii. (MLL 29) As Cordula Lemke has pointed out, the process of the multiple renamings according to the various cultural backgrounds of the immigrants transforms the neighbourhood into an enormous palimpsest  [7]  . Taking up the street names the British introduced in their colonies on the Asian subcontinent, naming a road after a German writer, and transplanting them to the immigrant community in Britain can be read as a strategy of decolonization. With the originally British structure of the neighbourhood is left scarcely discernable underneath the different names, this process accentuates the transitional status of all cultures  [8]  . Analysing the map  [9]  and cartographic discourse as a demonstration of the empowering strategies of colonialist rhetoric  [10]  , Huggan argues for the palimpsest to illustrate the deficiencies of the colonialist strategies: The contradictory coherence implied by the maps systematic inscription on a supposedly uninscribed earth reveals it, moreover, as a palimpsest covering over alternative spatial configurations which, once brought to light, indicate both the plurality of possible perspectives on, and the inadequacy of any single model of, the world.  [11]   However, the process of renaming the streets in this novel also significantly resembles the developments of the different countries of the subcontinent under the British rule leading up to the partition of India in 1947. From a peaceful living together the situation of the immigrants changes to a silent coexistence without much interaction just like on the subcontinent itself where the former Indian nation splits up into India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. And exactly as on the subcontinent it is the religious beliefs that now segregate the people where they, before the partition, had belonged together.  [12]  Therefore, in occupying parts of the British town and renaming its streets the neighbourhood, on the one hand, subversively replicates the colonial situation on the subcontinent. On the other hand, however, it also relives the traumatic experience of a society being divided along religious lines.  [13]  In the doubling of post-colonial criticism the narrative in tensity of Aslams writing becomes clear and challenges the reader for an interpretation. The possible interpretations that are invited by the renaming of the British streets, namely the subversive criticism on the Empire and the imitation of the colonial situation to stabilize and promote the rigid religious division of the community, can both be argued for. What the interpretations share, however, are the sense of loss and an essential sadness, which Edward Said ascribes the exile.  [14]   At bottom, exile is a jealous state. With very little to possess, you hold on to what you have with aggressive defensiveness. What you achieve in exile is precisely what you have no wish to share, and it is in the drawing of lines around you and your compatriots that the least attractive aspects of being an exile emerge: an exaggerated sense of group solidarity as well as a passionate hostility towards outsiders, even those who may in fact be in the same predicament as you.  [15]   In this piece, written for Harpers Magazine twenty years prior to the novel, Said describes exactly the situation of the characters in Maps for Lost Lovers. In the blind defensiveness of their traditions and beliefs, the immigrants of Dasht-e-Tanhaii are passionate in their racism against the white inhabitants of the town and condemn their exile in Great Britain for all the evil that has happened to them. Kaukab knows her dissatisfaction with England is a slight to Allah because He is the creator and ruler of the entire earth as the stone carving on Islamabad airport reminds and reassures the heartbroken people who are having to leave Pakistan but she cannot contain her homesickness and constantly asks for courage to face this lonely ordeal that He has chosen for her in His wisdom. (MLL 31) The loss of their home country and the realisation that they will never go back to Pakistan fills the women with a feeling of unbearable loss. Whereas they manage to bring back the colours of their parental homes and rename the streets so that they do not sound so unfamiliar, there are too many things in exile, which they cannot replace. The constant feeling of loss, which makes the immigrants in Dasht-e-Tanhaii refrain from leaving their solitude, is the ubiquitous atmosphere of the narration and as such is already introduced in the opening of the novel by Shamas. Among the innumerable other losses, to come to England was to lose a season, because, in the part of Pakistan that he is from, there are five seasons in a year, not four, the schoolchildren learning their names and sequence through classroom chants: Mausam-e-Sarma, Bahar, Mausam-e-Garma, Barsat, Khizan. Winter, Spring, Summer, Monsoon, Autumn. (MLL 5) The loss of the season, of a structuring part of a year, a part that marks the passing of time, and is as irretrievable as the lost lovers, reflects the stasis of the society of Dasht-e-Tanhaii. In missing a part that marks the passing of time, change and development have become impossible for the inhabitants of the community. In the knowledge of missing a season, the structure of the novel, which is divided into four parts, each named after one of the four seasons in England, seems like a constant remainder that Maps for Lost Lovers is all about encompassing loss. Correspondingly, Said points out: a life of exile moves according to a different calendar, and is less seasonal and settled than life at home.  [16]   The thus created atmosphere is a fertile soil for the kind of religious fundamentalism some of the characters, especially Kaukab, the sister-in-law of the murdered Jugnu, prefer to integration. The immense fact of isolation and displacement, which produces the kind of narcissistic masochism that resists all efforts at amelioration, acculturation, and community  [17]  , which Kaukab claims for herself, leads to what Vijay Mishra has termed the diasporic imaginary  [18]  . Mishra theorizes that, in order to preserve the loss of the diasporic experience communities construct racist fictions of purity as a kind of joy and pleasure around which anti-miscegenation narratives of homelands are constructed against the reality of the homelands themselves.  [19]  The unknown British town is constantly contrasted with Pakistan and depicted as foreign territory, in which the laws of Islam have become the sole source of orientation for most of the inhabitants. Kaukab, as the rest of th e community, therefore exalts the Pakistan of her memory to an idealised nation in which Islam still figures prominently in everyday life. If her children were still living at home, or if Shamas was back from work, Kaukab would have asked the matchmaker to lower her voice to a whisper, not whishing her children to hear anything bad about Pakistan or the Pakistanis, not wishing to provide Shamas with the opportunity to make a disrespectful comment about Islam, or hint through his expression that he harboured contrary views on Allahs inherent greatness; but she is alone in the house, so she lets the woman talk. (MLL 42) This diasporic imaginary, the glorification of Pakistan, serves the immigrants as a role model for their society. As Islam prescribes they recreate the patriarchal social structures in which the women wait at home for their husbands to return and are afraid to be seen talking to men on the street, daughters are being arranged to marry their cousins in Pakistan, lovers of different religions forbidden to marry (cf. MLL 9), husbands agreeing to medical procedures on their wives for fear of immigration authorities (cf. MLL 14) and fathers renouncing their daughters for living in sin after three failed marriages to Pakistani men (cf. MLL 176). In this strict Islamic law-abiding community the gender roles of the characters seem to be as traditional as the rest of the customs the immigrants live by. However, in the following section I will argue that in the patriarchal society with the claustrophobic sentiment it is not only the male characters that drive on the strict Islamic code of beha viour but even more so the women who obstruct any kind of integration. Intersections of Gender and Religion in Maps for Lost Lovers Analysing gender identities in a novel such as Maps for Lost Lovers is, as the previous discussion of the atmosphere of the novel has shown, closely interlinked with religious identities within the community. With the discussion of gender roles and gender identities in relation to power structures has been an established field of research for literary scholars, a terminological distinction between different religious identities within Islam appears to be helpful for the further analysis.  [20]  Therefore I want to draw attention to the difference of the terms Muslim and Islamist, as spelled out by Miriam Cooke  [21]  . Cooke points out that the two terms, which might inadvertently be confused, hint at a significant distinction. To be Muslim, according to Cooke, is an ascribed identity: Those to whom a Muslim identity is ascribed participate in a Muslim culture and community without necessarily accepting all of its norms and values.  [22]  While Muslims can be secular and only occasionally observe some of the rituals, Islamists achieve their sometimes militant identity by devoting their lives to the establishment of an Islamic state.  [23]  This opposition, which arguably attracts criticism of essentialism, in this analysis, however, will serve the purpose of breaking up common stereotypes concerning the intersection of gender and religious identities. It is the aim of the following analysis to show that the intersections of gender identities and religious identities, which would be expected in patriarchal societies as the one depicted in Maps for Lost Lovers to draw the picture of male Islamists and female Muslims, are being subverted to point out the dangers of religious fundamentalism and how it c an lead to religious obscurantism. The arising question of religion and feminism has posed itself as difficult field for research, especially for postcolonial feminists. Ania Loomba has pointed out two significant developments in this field: Many postcolonial regimes have been outrightly repressive of womens rights, using religion as the basis on which to enforce their subordination.  [24]  Especially in Islamic countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran or Afghanistan national identity is based on the Islamicisation of civil society, an alliance between fundamentalism and the State, which entails severe curtailment of freedom for women.  [25]  However, she also sees a development that tries to harness womens political activity and even militancy to right-wing movements and especially to religious fundamentalism. In various parts of the world, women have been active campaigners for the Hindu, Islamic or Christian right-wing movements.  [26]  These two opposing developments, however contradictory they seem, deal with stereotypical assumptions as the figure of the immigrant woman victim  [27]  , as for example jurist Leti Volpp has analysed and debunked. Kaukab and Shamas as well as Suraya, the characters the narrator focalizes upon for the most part of the novel, through their personal perspective give a very interesting insight into their conceptions of the intersections between gender and religious identity.  [28]  They represent different positions on the spectrum between secular Muslims and Islamists and interestingly provide a one sided picture of the gender distribution amongst these religious identities. Shamas, who opens the narration, was brought up as a Muslim yet considers himself a non-believer (MLL 20) and instead of drawing on religion for moral and ethical support as the rest of the community, he turns to communism (cf. MLL 324).  [29]  His secularism makes him a mediator between the different religious groups of Dasht-e-Tanhaii. He uses his outsiders position to move about freely between the mosque and the Hindu temple of the community. Further, his general openness and willingness to interact with people of different religious and cultural backgrounds, which again renders him an outsider to the community, makes him become the only connection to the British society: The director of the Community Relations Council, Shamas is the person the neighbourhood turns to when unable to negotiate the white world on its own, visiting his office in the town centre or bringing the problem to his front door that opens directly into the blue-walled kitchen with the yellow chairs. (MLL 15) This position, as mediator between the immigrant community and the British society, on the one hand makes him a person of respect in the neighbourhood. On the other hand, his secularism arises suspicion, even in his own wife who disapproves of his criticism of Islam and even blames her father for choosing an unbelieving husband who is not even a proper Muslim in her eyes (cf. MLL 34). His worldliness and openness further, in the eyes of his wife, make him a bad father to their three children: Oh your father will be angry, oh your father will be upset: Mah-Jabin had grown up hearing these sentences, Kaukab trying to obtain legitimacy for her own decisions by invoking his name. She wanted him to be angry, she needed him to be angry. She had cast him in the role of the head of the household and he had to act accordingly  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ . (MLL 111) Even though Kaukab, in accordance with her own upbringing, expects Shamas to fulfil his role as head of the family his performance does not seem satisfactory to Kaukab, as Mah-Jabins remembrance shows. Shamas thus disappoints the expectations on his character as believing Muslim and head of the family. When Suraya, Shamas secret love affair, comes back to England from Pakistan, where her husband had divorced her in a drunken stupor, her sole aim is to find a man who will marry her for a short period of time and then divorce her again so that she can return to Pakistan to her first husband to remarry him (cf. MLL 149). As the Islamic law states that she has to be married to another man before her first husband can take her back, she is desperate to quickly find somebody before her first husband changes his mind and does not want her back. When Suraya meets Shamas he is immediately drawn to her. Finding her scarf on his way back home from the town centre, where he regularly picks up the newspaper, his paper falls into the river he walks along while bending down to pick up the scarf. Hes suddenly lighter, his muscles relieved, the fingers holding nothing but that scarf which has butterfly blue lozenges along its crenulated edges. (MLL 135) Suraya takes advantage of the physicalness of this first encounter, in which Shamas seems to shift off a burden, maybe the burden Kaukab has put on him with her expectations, and starts an affair with him. While Shamas actually enjoys the tenderness of their encounters, Suraya just wants to trick him into marrying her and is not reluctant to lie about being pregnant. She thus exploits her femininity and her religious beliefs to get Shamas to commit adultery and thus fulfils her own personal needs not caring about the consequences of her actions or Shamas feelings (cf. MLL 254). Suraya just legitimises the affair with the Islamic law and her wish to remarry her first husband. In contrast to the secular Shamas and the moderate Muslim Suraya, Kaukab is a strict Islamist, justifying all her actions and her behaviour with her belief in Islam. With her religious bigotry she puts off her three children who, in the course of the narration visit the house only once. In the course of that visit her estranged children get into a heated discussion with Kaukab about the status of women in Pakistan and in which she has to defend herself against reproaches of her family (cf. MLL 323 ff.). Her misconducts, as for example poisoning her youngest son with bromide because a Muslim cleric told to do so (MLL 303 f.), or marrying her only daughter to a violent man in Pakistan and not seeing where she could have done wrong (cf. MLL 326), which stem from her religious obscurantism come to a climax when Shamas is being attacked by a group of Islamists who Kaukab had once secretly charged with finding her sons. In her blind belief in Islam she finally blames Shamas for her childre ns hatred (MLL 328) and tries to take her own life. Even when it comes to her own physical health she does not deviate from her faith:  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚  Kaukab has reached that age where her womb is slipping out of her vagina and must be either surgically removed or stitched back to the inner lining of her body  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ .  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚  Her womb the first dress of her daughter, the first address of her sons is a constant source of pain these days and she comes down the stairs carefully. She tells herself that she must bear up patiently, that a person is like a tealeaf: drop it into boiling water if you want to see its true colour. She reads verses from the Koran when the pain looks as though it is about to increase. (MLL 260) In contrast to the imagination of the woman usually cast as mothers or wives  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚  called upon to literally and figuratively reproduce the nation  

Corporate Crime Essay -- Legal Issues, Fraud

conventional criminals. For example an individual that steals bread from a supermarket to feed his/her child if convicted would go to prison or have to pay a fine that they cannot afford. However on the other hand an individual that commits corporate fraud and cons people out of millions of pounds when convicted may have to pay a monetary fine. This is typically not a problem for them as they are not committing crimes due to being in the cycle of deprivation. Usually they commit offenses because of greed. One would question whether the policies and laws are fair when dealing with conventional crime versus corporate crimes? Again this brings us back to the question as why such crimes lightly prosecuted. The sophistication of these crimes makes them difficult and expensive to investigate and prosecute because they are time consuming, labour intensive and financially expensive. For example, if a police officer occupies his/her time on fraud their overall performance would be considered as being poor, in terms of costs and benefits. Thus usually resulting in these sorts of crimes being ignored and no one being prosecuted for the offence. Due to the general invisibility of fraud there is less politicians or media pressure for police officers to deal with these crimes. For this reason fraud is regarded as low priority in most police forces. Also White collar crimes and corporate crimes usually are lightly prosecuted because the politicians do not want to bring it to light therefore there is less media attention and thus seen as being less serious and as the price paid for capitalism. Pearce and Tombs (1993) in their explanation of the disastrous release of toxic gases from the carbide factory in Bhopal, India in 1984 claimed the p... ...w and also in comparison to conventional crime. As both crime surveys and victim’s surveys do not give a clear and full picture of the true extent of crime. Police officers have to develop and become trained computer experts to be one step ahead of corporate criminals in this era of technology and computers where illicit activities occur on a more grand scale (global) and not just in the local neighbourhood. It can be concluded that this debate of why white collar crimes and corporate crimes are lightly prosecuted in comparison to conventional crimes will not end here, however one feels that due to advancement in technologies white collar crimes and corporate crimes will be on the increase thus government need to make policies and create harsher punishment in order to prevent and deter any companies committing these offenses in the near future.

Pacificus & Helvidius Debates Essay

This was written on Notepad then converted into a Word Document. The purpose of this document is to be supplemental to reading the Pacificus & Helvidius Debates, this was written side by side while reading the debates, therefore, if this is the first time you are reading the Pacificus and Helvidius Debates these notes will provide more of a curse then a blessing. Pacificus I: The objections which people are raising against the proclamation of neutrality have been done in bitterness and in critical language, which to me demonstrates that their views were concern with matters that exceed the free discussion of an important public measure. They discuss weakening the confidence of the people in the President†¦ My reflection describes the motives connected with the proclamation which will be used to recommend endeavors by proper explanation of the subject at hand. These explanations at least should be satisfactory to those people who may not have the opportunity for investigating the subject themselves and those people who want to perceive that proclamation is not inconsistent with the constitution. The objections to the proclamation are: The proclamation had no authority. It is contrary to our treaties with France. It is contrary to the gratitude owed to France for helping the U.S. secure victory in the Revolution. That is was out of time and unnecessary. The proclamation was designed to make it known to the belligerents of Europe and the citizens of the U.S. that the U.S. is at Peace with all those at war and that under no treaty to become associated in that war. It also warns all those with the government’s jurisdiction to abstain from acts that contravene the proclamation. This proclamation does not declare that the U.S. will not abide to the conditions of treaties of the belligerents, because they can be up held without committing the U.S. into war. This does not mean the U.S. will not make distinctions about the present war powers as illustrated in articles 17 and 22 of the Treaty of Alliance, because in doing so does not render the U.S. to associate in the war. Even the furnishing of determinate succors with ships or troops to a Power at War due to treaties that have no reference to the war is still consistent with neutrality. However, no favors should be done to either side. The proclamation does exclude engagement in the 11th article of Treaty of Alliance, because the 11th article does not apply to the U.S. in this case. Now let’s discuss whether or not the President acted within his proper sphere or is out of bounds in his actions. First, it is not to be disputed that the management of foreign affair is confided to the U.S. government. Second, it could little be disputed that it beyond the right of the government to issue a proclamation of neutrality. The ability to make such proclamations is important to counties whose interest lies in the preservation of peace. The real question at hand is what department of government is the proper one to make a declaration of neutrality when it is proper. Someone of a correct understands must see that is do not pertain to either the legislative or judicial branches of government. The legislative branch is not the organ of foreign relations. Therefore, it is not the organ of government which is to pronounce the condition of the nation in regards to foreign powers. It is even more obvious that the Judiciary branch does not possess this power. This department decides on litigation in cases, it does interpret treaties, however, only in cases. It does not pronounce the external political relations of treaties between governments. Therefore the power belongs to the executive, when proper. In cases in which the judiciary is not competent, that is in cases between governments. This power is charged with the execution of the laws, of which treaties form a part. This condition is so obvious and consistent with general theory and is undoubtedly just, unless doubt can be deduced from the Constitution. In the following I will see if that doubt is to be found in the constitution. Article 1 state that â€Å"the executive power shall be vested in a President of the U.S.† It also continues and states that the President is the commander in chief of the army and navy of the U.S. and the Militias of the states when called into the service of the U.S., as well as, that the President has the power by and with the advice of the senate to make treaties and that it is his duty to receive ambassadors and ministers to take care that the laws be faithfully executed. It is not consistent with the rules of â€Å"sound construction† to consider the Constitution’s enumeration of the President’s particular authorities is degrading from the more comprehensive grant given to him in the general clause than what has been restricted to him. Due to the difficulty of making a complete and perfect specification of all of the Executive’s authority. There is broad construction of the president’s power in the Constitution. The differences are in the expression, for example â€Å"All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in the Congress of the U.S.† however the difference is â€Å"The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the U.S.† The Executive Power leaves the rest to flow from the general grant of that power. The doctrine of the constitution in context of the Executive Power is that the Executive Power is only restricted in the qualifications which are expressed in it. But is free elsewhere. The issuing of a proclamation of neutrality is merely an Executive Act. The is no condition in the constitution which inhibits him. It may be observed that the foregoing inference is just if the power of declaring war had not been vested in the Legislature, but that this power naturally includes the right of judging whether the nation is under obligations to make war or not. Even though it is true that it is right of the legislature to declare war also includes the right of judging whether the US is under obligations to make War or not, it does not exclude the president to the same power. If it is the power of the Legislature to make war, then it is the duty of the executive to preserve peace until war is declared, which requires the executive to interpret treaties. There is nothing inconsistent with government which excludes the President from making a proclamation of neutrality. It is both his right and duty to enforce the laws of the Nation. The proclamation of neutrality is a statement to the U.S. people with regard to the Powers at war and makes it know that the law of neutrality is to be enforced. In doing this, the proclamation is stating a secret law. It is the power of the executive to interpret the articles of our treaties and judges the bounds of those treaties. As the organ of foreign affair the executive can consequentially affect the exercise of the Legislative war making power. The President cannot control that power except by veto. The legislature still remains free to perform its own duties in accord to its own sense of them; however, the executive actions could affect them. Therefore it is the case that because treaties are made by the President and Senate together, their activity may be suspended by the President alone. The legislator’s powers are to be constructed strictly. Although the legislature alone can declare war, and transfer the nation for peace to war, it is the executive’s power to do whatever else the laws of nations require for cooperation. In this distribution of powers the wisdom of the constitution is manifested. It is the province and duty of the executive to preserve peace. Only the legislature can interrupt those blessings. Although it is advisable to interpret the authority of the Executive on this broad and comprehensive ground, it is not absolutely necessary to do so in this case. The clause of the constitution which makes it the President’s duty to â€Å"take care that the laws be faithfully executed† might alone be relied on. The U.S.’s treaties and laws must be interpreted by the executive for execution. It is his due to proclaim the neutrality of the nation. Some view the proclamation as the enacting of some new law, but that is wrong. It only is a statement of fact in regard to the existing state of the nation, and informs the citizens of what the laws previously established require of them in the U.S. and warns them that these laws will be put into execution against their breakers.

Economic Studies And Political Science - 1595 Words

Name : Abdelmonem Lotfy Mohamed Kamal Position: Assistant Professor of Economics and Public Finance : Faculty of Economic Studies and Political Science : Beni Suef University : Egypt E-mail : alotfy@eps.bsu.edu.eg Mailing Address: (9/8) Alshatr (2) Mashroo Iskan Sherket Almaadi, Zahraa Almaadi, Cairo, Egypt â€Å"Testing the Relation between Government Spending and Private Consumption in Egypt† Introduction: During the period 2004 to 2015, Egyptian domestic demand has continued to be the main driving force for the Egyptian economy as a result for a package of instruments that constitutes fiscal expansion. The main pillar in this package of expansionary fiscal†¦show more content†¦With regard to the relationship between government spending and private consumption, two opponent points of view can be found. The first one states that there is a relation of substitution between government spending and private consumption. However, the other one concludes that government spending and private consumption are complements. Therefore, it can be easily seen that it is a controversial issue for both economists and policy makers. According to the literature, several studies have been done to test the relationship between government spending and private consumption in the context of industrialized countries, OECD countries, and some Asian countries. Of course, Egypt was not one of these studi ed cases. Moreover, when a study was done to investigate this point of research in the context of a group of African countries (Anoruo 2005) that performed a panel data analysis for 24 countries; Unfortunately, Egypt was not included in this panel data analysis. As a result, there is a gap in the literature of testing the relationship between government spending and private consumption for Egypt. 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